Chapter 3: Economy / Roberto Steiner and Hernán Vallejo -- Economic history, 1819-1999 -- Growth and structure of the economy, 1819-1989 -- 1990s: a decade of economic reform -- Economic structure and sectoral policies -- Agriculture -- Mining and energy -- Industry -- Services -- Transportation and telecommunications -- Air transportation -- Inland waterways -- Ports -- Railroads -- Road transportation -- Telecommunications -- Financial regulation and financial markets -- Trade policy and trade patterns -- Foreign investment regulation and outcomes -- Illegal drugs -- Macroeconomic policies and trends -- Monetary policy and inflation -- Exchange-rate policy and the balance of payments -- Fiscal policy and public finances -- Labor, the informal economy, social spending, and pensions -- Labor markets -- Informal economy -- Social expenditure -- Pension system -- Outlook -- Chapter 4: Government and Politics / Arlene B. Tickner -- Governmental system -- Executive -- Territorial government -- Legislature -- Electoral system -- Judiciary -- Attorney General's office -- Public administration -- Political dynamics -- Weakening of the bipartisan system -- Other parties and political movements -- Political party reform -- Corruption -- Societal institutions -- Colombian interest groups -- Internal armed conflict and peace negotiations -- Foreign relations -- General foreign policy traits -- Primary doctrines of foreign policy -- Foreign policy decision making -- Diplomatic relations -- Outlook -- Chapter 5: National Security / Ann C. Mason -- Military -- Historical background -- Modernization of the military -- Constitutional authority -- Organization of the armed forces -- Conscription and military service -- Military education system -- Military judiciary -- Uniforms, ranks, and insignia -- Defense and security spending -- Law enforcement -- National police -- Administrative security department -- Judicial police -- Penal system -- National security background -- Nineteenth-century civil unrest -- International security affairs -- La Violencia and the emergence of insurgency -- Drug trafficking and the origins of paramilitarism -- Current national security panorama -- Internal armed conflict -- Human rights -- Violence and crime -- National security doctrines and policies -- Counterinsurgency strategies and emergency decrees -- Peace processes -- Antidrug strategies -- United States-Colombia Security Cooperation and Plan Colombia -- Democratic Security Policy -- Negotiations in 2007-8 -- International and regional security relations -- Agreements and treaties -- Regional relations -- Outlook -- Appendix: Tables -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index -- Contributors -- Published country studies.
Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Table A: Selected Spanish abbreviations and acronyms -- Table B: Chronology of important events -- Country profile -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Historical Setting / David Bushnell -- Early Colombia -- Spanish conquest and colonial society -- Exploration and conquest -- Colonial government -- Colonial society and economy -- Religion and culture -- Breaking the Spanish connection -- Antecedents of independence -- Struggle for independence, 1810-19 -- Development of the nation, 1819-1904 -- Great Colombia experiment, 1819-32 -- New Granada: weak state, strong parties, 1832-63 -- Failed federalist utopia, 1863-85 -- Continuity and change in social relations -- Political centralization and the church-state alliance -- War of the thousand days and loss of Panama, 1899-1903 -- New age of peace and coffee, 1904-30 -- Presidency of Rafael Reyes -- Growth of the coffee industry -- Relations with the United States -- Decline of the conservative hegemony -- Reform under the liberals, 1930-46 -- Things come apart, 1946-58 -- La Violencia -- Growth amid mayhem -- National front, 1958-78 -- Instituting the coalition government -- Sociocultural changes -- Contemporary era, 1978-98 -- Rise of drug-trafficking organizations -- Spread of leftist insurgencies -- New departures and continuing problems -- Chapter 2: Society and Its Environment / David Bushnell and Rex A. Hudson -- Physical setting -- Geology -- Geography -- Climate -- Environment -- Race and ethnicity -- Indigenous peoples -- Racial distinctions -- Population and urbanization -- Population growth trends -- Immigration -- Regionalism -- Urbanization trends -- Population displacement -- Emigration -- Demography -- Social strata division -- Family -- Income distribution -- Rural poor and urban poor -- Income effects of narco-trafficking -- Health and welfare -- Resources and organization -- Current health overview -- Pension conundrum -- Religion -- Church, state, and society -- Growth of Protestantism -- Other religious expressions -- Education -- Basic education -- University, technical, and vocational education -- Continuing problems -- Social movements.
